There is no specific distance defined in Shari`ah, rather that depends on `Urf (custom) or the distance within which the Adhan can be heard without a microphone.

If the Iqamah for prayer is given while you are still in the first Rak`ah of an optional prayer, then you should cut it short. If that happens when you are in the second Rak`ah, then you should complete it quickly and not cut it short.

Saying Bismillah out loud in Al-Fatihah in the prayer is permissible; it is not a Bid`ah or prohibited. But most of the time in his prayer, the Prophet did not pronounce it out loud; rather he recited it quietly.

There is a concession allowing Maghrib and `Isha’ prayers to be joined at the time of Maghrib when there is rain that soaks people’s clothes and will cause hardship when going to the mosque for `Isha’ prayer.

Prophet Muhammad preferred for women to pray in their houses and said that their reward for doing so is greater than their reward for praying in the mosque. If women need to pray in the marketplace and there is a place that is screened off, there is nothing wrong with them praying there. A woman’s prayer is not invalidated just because a man happens to see her.

It is recommended for the one who is late for the congregational prayer to come to the mosque in a calm and dignified manner. The one who was late for the prayer is not regarded as having caught up with the prayer in congregation unless he caught up with at least one Rak`ah of the prayer.

If the second prayer in congregation is done in a mosque where there is no regular imam, there is nothing wrong with it according to the scholars. But if it is done in a mosque where there is a regular imam, if the reason for not praying with him is division and factionalism, it is not permissible, according to scholarly consensus. But if it was done for an unplanned reason, such as if some of the worshippers missed the prayer in congregation, then the Hanafis, Malikis and Shafa‘is regard that as disliked (makruh), but what is more likely to be correct is that it is prescribed.